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Middle Ages

Abu Ja'far al-Khwarizmi
Abu Ja'far al-Khwarizmi was an Arab mathematician who lived between AD 780 and 850. At a time when the spread of ideas was difficult, al-Khwarizmi wrote a book which contained many important mathematical concepts of the Middle East.
This book changed all of European mathematics, introducing the decimal system and rules for doing algebra.
'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi was a Persian astronomer who lived during the 10th century. He was the first person to observe the Andromeda galaxy, our closest neighbor, and called it "little cloud".
Al-Sufi's book on stars was translated into many languages and had a big influence on European astronomy.
Leonardo Fibonacci
Leonardo Fibonacci was an Italian mathematician who lived between 1170-1240. He travelled a lot on business with his father and was exposed to many different mathematical ideas. Fibonacci put all these ideas together, in books, so that anybody could learn them without having to travel as he had.
Fibonacci also discovered a famous sequence, in which each number is the sum of the previous two.
Jabir Ibn Haiyan
Jabir Ibn Haiyan was an Arab chemist who lived in the late 700's. He died in 803, but the date of his birth is uncertain. He carried out careful experiments which increased our understanding of common chemical processes, and is considered the father of modern chemistry.
Ibn Haiyan's work also improved everyday quality of life. He developed techniques for the making of steel, dyeing of cloth, and prevention of rust.

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